Financial Market Securities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 979 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Financial Terms: Definition Role in Finance Primary Market: Primary market is the new issue market of securities. This market brings together the sources and use or supply and demand for new capital funds. The main source of fund for the primary market is the savings of individuals and businesses. In a highly developed capital market, the largest portion of the individuals saving reaches the new issue market indirectly through financial intermediaries (Bhalla, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Market Securities" essay for you Create order Role of primary market: In the primary market, Companies directly interact with the investors. Companies raise their new capital in the primary market through public issue and private placements. The basic instruments of raising capital through primary market are debt and equity. Sale of new securities is channeled through the primary market. Both the corporate and government can raise their capital through the issue of new securities. In the primary, market the securities may be issued at face value, premium or discount. The primary market allows the issue of securities in both domestic and international market (Pandey, 2007). Thus, primary market is the market through which the risk capital of issuing company can be circulated. There is no commitment for the interest payment in this market and payment of dividend is also not compulsory and can be paid after fulfilling all kinds of overheads. Listed shares give the benefit of the liquidity to the shareholders. In short, the primary market plays an important role for the companies. Secondary Market: The secondary market is the segment of the capital market, which deals the second hand securities, i.e. securities which are already issued by the companies and have listed in the stock-exchange. In the secondary market, the investors interact with themselves. The secondary market also includes the over- the-counter market and the derivatives market. The secondary market is also called Stock Market. The main instruments of the secondary market are equity shares, security receipts, government securities, commercial papers etc. (Pandey, 2007). Role of Secondary Market: The secondary market determines the price and risk of the issued securities. It provides useful signals to both listed companies and investors to act in the primary market. In the secondary market, the common investors have an effective base for the purchasing and selling of their securities. In the companies, the secondary market performs activities to raise their share value (Bhalla, 2005). Thus the secondary market encourages the individuals and institutions to purchase the new securities. The buyer of the financial securities gets marketability with an executable secondary market. Thus the existence of the firm secondary market raises the efficiency of the primary market (Horne, Wachowicz Bhaduri, 2008). Risk: Risk is defined as the variability of the actual return from the expected returns associated with a given asset/investment. The risk associated with the security is directly proportional to this variability. If the return from the asset is certain, there will be no risk. The risk associated with any asset or security has two components- Diversifiable and Non-diversifiable. The statistical measures of risk of an asset are Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation (Khan Jain, 2002). Role of Risk: The unsystematic risks are related to the specific firms such as strike and regulatory actions. These risks can be reduced through effective diversification. Whereas systematic risk arises due to the factors affecting all firms like war, political problems, inflation, etc. These risks cannot be ignored by the firms. All the risks associated with the market portfolio are systematic or unavoidable. Thus only non diversifiable risk is the applicable risk (Khan Jain, 2002). The investors in the market always prefer to invest in those securities which have highest return for a lower rate of risk or the lowest risk for a lower rate of return. Both the return and risk are measured in terms of expected value and standard deviation respectively. Investment: Investment is one of the categories of fixed assets. Investment includes all those consumptions, which are expected to produce profits to the firm over a long period of time and comprehends both intangible and tangible assets. The investment refers to investing funds in the securities of another company. Investments are long term assets outside the business of the firm. The purpose of investment is either to earn return or/and to control another company. The investment decisions come under capital budgeting of the firm (Pandey, 2007). Role of Investment: Investment opportunities are created or identified not occurs automatically. Investment ideas of most of the companies are generated at the plant level. In some countries, investment idea generation is done through a bottom-up process, while in others it is done through both-bottom up as well as top-down process. Once the investment proposals are identified they are submitted for scrutiny. Thus investment decisions are important for the firms long term growth. Investment affects the risk of the firm as it involves commitment of large amount of funds. Investments are reversible or irreversible at substantial loss. Thus investment and investment decisions are the most critical elements of a firms growth. Security: Securities which are also known as financial assets are financial tools like shares, bonds or debentures. Securities are issued to the investors by the companies in the primary capital markets to raise essential funds. The securities issued by firms are traded-bought and sold by investors in the secondary capital markets or stock exchanges. Securities include lease obligations and borrowings from banks, financial institutions and other resources. Role of Securities: References Bhalla, V. K. (2005). Investment Management Security Analysis and Portfolio Management. (12th ed.). New Delhi: S. Chand Company Ltd. Pandey, I. M. (2007). Financial Management. (9th ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing Houses Private Ltd. Horne, J. C., Wachowicz, J. M. Bhaduri, S. N. (2008). Fundamentals of Financial Management. (12th ed.). New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Private Ltd. Khan, M. Y. Jain, P. K. (2002). Financial Management. (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.

Keny The Heartland Of Eastern Africa - 1549 Words

Kenya is a diverse republican country, considered to be the heartland of Eastern Africa. Kenya is named after Mount Kenya, a primary landmark and second highest peak in Africa. As a primary focus for travel, adventure and vacation, Kenya displays multiple aspects of historical materials and knowledge along with recreational exploit that draws tourist from all around the world. Kenya also represents interesting topics and lifestyles such as its geographic location, distinct cultural customs, including some remarkable tribal bodies, world organizations with accomplished leaders and much more that grasp travelers’ attention. If adventuresome travelers venture to Kenya, Africa they will most likely arrive in Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi; the capital and largest city in Kenya. Kenya offers a memorable view of diverse Geographic’s. Kenya is located transversely over the equator in east-central Africa, along the coast of the Indian Ocean. With borders of Som alia to the east, Ethiopia to the north, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, and Sudan to the northwest, Kenya has an area of 224,960 square miles. The country is divided into seven geographic regions including The Coastal Region that extends about 250 miles from the southern port where Kenya joins Tanzania, to north border of Somalia. Characterized by a variety of geographical features, this region introduces a variety that is noticeable as one ventures north or south. The larboard shoreline contains

IT Ethics for Idea to Relationship with Robots - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIT Ethicsfor Idea to Relationship with Robots. Answer: Introduction The robotics ethics or artificial intelligence is a part of ethics in technology. It can be typically divided into the robo-ethics concerned with the moral behavior of people as the robots are designed, constructed, utilized by human. However, some ethical issues are found in the relationship with robots that are described in the present essay. On the other hand, treating artificially intelligence as well as machine ethics is generally concerned with agents moral behavior explained in the essay. Ethics in Relationship with Robots Borenstein and Arkin (2016) commented that the term "robot ethics" is referred as the morality of the process of designing by humans and constructing as well as using the robots. It is considered as how artificially intelligent is used in order to harm people along with the process of providing advantages to humans. In addition, robot rights are usually considered as the moral obligations of society for machines and it is same type of human rights. However, robot rights is recognized as the right to exist as well as performing own mission that can be linked to duty of the robots in serving human with the help of analogy linking with the human rights and human duties (Koyama, 2016). It may include right to the life as well as liberty and freedom of thought, equality along with expression before law. On the other hand, the issue can be considered by the Institute for the Future. Riek and Howard (2014) asserted that an ethical concerns regarding robotic technology are garnered attention in the context of how it can be used for the military involvements. There is also trepidation about whether, and circumstances in which robots can be used. As the robotics and the autonomous systems becomes flourishing in human-robot relationships that are becoming increasingly significant way. There are procedures of interacting and controlling the technology from the self-driving cars to the sex robots in the technology. On the other hand, the way of understanding the technologies can be designed to solve as well as create new issues. It could assist to promote trust with the users (Richardson, 2016). However, becoming co-dependent and over attached to the robots can causing issues in the applications of information technology. A robot cist using social science and ethnography needs to investigate interactions between human-robot. Hence, studying on the process of how people interacting with the robots can be involved in different situations (van Wynsberghe, 2016). Using an interdisciplinary approach for understanding social dimensions of the learning as well as human experience include the process of working and living with the robots and different emerging technologies. On the other hand, during interacting with people with interactive robots in the society on a daily basis, people can start developing relationship with robots. Human are capable to attach several objects in regular life. On contrary, relationships can be developed with the regular objects that are different in significant way from developing with the socially interactive robots (Sharkey, 2014). However, socially interactive robots act autonomously with common nonhuman objects that can improve expectations of people regarding the capacities. In addition, interactions between humanrobot are established as per the rules of human to human interaction and inviting the users to interact socially with robots. Ethical considerations about relationships between human and robot and the bonds between robots and people can contribute better life for human. However, interactions with people as well as social reactions to robots that are socially interactive are essential to give an ethical shape along with societal and legal perspectives (Blum, 2016). It has been reported that sufficiently humanoid robots may be appeared in public by 2020. However, AI program is existed, which can be understood by natural languages as well as speech with proper processing power. In addition, it can be theoretically listening to each of the conversation over phone along with reading every email in the world. Moreover, understanding as well as reporting back to the operators of program can be exactly stated by it. An AI program can allow the Governments and different entities to the effectively suppress dissent as well as attacking with enemies (Fridin, 2014). AI technology cannot be used in order to replace people in the positions, which need respect as well as care that can be explained as followed. A customer service representative is involved with AI technology already used today for the system based on telephone for interactive response in voice. In addition, a soldier, judge as well as police officer can be involved with the process. It is required to have authentic feelings on the empathy from people in the particular positions. The machines can be replaced to them and finding and alienated, devalued as well as frustrated. On the other hand, artificial intelligence can be used in the particular way that represents threat to the human dignity. However, entertaining the possibility of specific machines in the positions can suggest that experienced on atrophy of human spirit, which comes from thinking computers. Speaking for women as well as minorities can rather take chances with the impartial computer. On the other hand, pointing out the conditions would prefer automated judges as well as police with no personal agenda. However, human dignity needs to strive for removing the ignorance of nature of the existence as well as AI, which is essential for striving. AI has profound impact on humanity. In addition, AI developers are representatives of future humanity along with ethical obligation. It is transparent in their own efforts. Creating OpenCog is considered as one of the open source framework for development of AI. An OpenAI is one of the non-profit based AI research companies, has purposed to develop open source that is beneficial to the humanity (Westlund, Breazeal Story, 2015). There are several open source programs for AI developments. On the other hand, some of the experts as well as academics have been questioned for using of the robots in military combat. Hence, providing some degree of the autonomous functions needs to be considered for it. The US Navy provides the fund for military robots to become more complex and need to have attention to the process of implications of the ability for establishing autonomous decisions. The autonomous robots can be more human for making decisions in more effective way. However, the ethics of machine ethic is included in the research field is concerned with designing for Artificial Moral Agents. The artificially intelligent computers are able to behave morally. Three Laws of Robotics need to be governed for artificially intelligent systems (Wolf, Grodzinsky Miller, 2016). These three would break down and create paradoxical as well as unanticipated behavior. In addition, the work suggests that there is no set of fixed laws sufficiently anticipated by the all circumstances Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that, the artificial intelligence or robotic ethics is one of the core themes involved in BioWare's Mass Effect series of the games. It can be explored with civilization scenario and accidentally developed through AI a rapid increase in the computational power by global scale for neural network. The event is usually caused ethical schism between the feelings in bestowing organic rights. Hence, it is required to properly continue in order to see as disposable machinery system as well as fight for destroying them. However, beyond of initial conflict and complexity of relationship between robots as well as their creators are considered properly through all aspects. References Blum, P. R. (2016). Robots, Slaves, and the Paradox of the Human Condition in Isaac Asimovs Robot Stories.Roczniki Kulturoznawcze,7(3), 5-24. Borenstein, J., Arkin, R. C. (2016, June). Robots, Ethics, and Intimacy: The Need for Scientific Research. InProc. Conf. Int. Assoc. Comput. Philos.. Fridin, M. (2014). Kindergarten social assistive robot: First meeting and ethical issues.Computers in Human Behavior,30, 262-272. Koyama, T. (2016, July). Ethical issues for social robots and the trust-based approach. InAdvanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO), 2016 IEEE Workshop on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Richardson, K. (2016). The asymmetrical'relationship': parallels between prostitution and the development of sex robots.ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society,45(3), 290-293. Riek, L. D., Howard, D. (2014). A code of ethics for the human-robot interaction profession. Sharkey, A. (2014). Robots and human dignity: a consideration of the effects of robot care on the dignity of older people.Ethics and Information Technology,16(1), 63-75. van Wynsberghe, A. (2016).Healthcare robots: Ethics, design and implementation. Routledge. Westlund, J. K., Breazeal, C., Story, A. (2015). Deception, Secrets, Children, and Robots: Whats Acceptable. InWorkshop on The Emerging Policy and Ethics of Human-Robot Interaction, held in conjunction with the 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. Wolf, M. J., Grodzinsky, F., Miller, K. W. (2016). Robots, Ethics and SoftwareFOSS vs. Proprietary Licenses. InComputing and Philosophy(pp. 271-282). Springer International Publishing.

Rationale, Treatment, Objectives free essay sample

The group has decided to teach this age group because the group believes that in this age group, the minds of the children are still very curious and retention can be increased because of their curious nature. The group has seen this topic as an important lesson to tech to children because we are human being and we need to know what is going on in our body. So we can understand what we need to eat and what is harmful to our body. We also need to know the process and we need to know how can we keep our body healthy. The group has also decided that the medium to be used for this project will be the E-Module, because it has the capacity of stimulating more than one sense of the body (hearing and sight). As discussed in previous lessons in DEVC 40, the more senses we stimulate, the more information is retained. We will write a custom essay sample on Rationale, Treatment, Objectives or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, the E-Module format is more participatory, making the learner a part of the learning process. It is an interactive format, meaning learner participation is a must to proceed.It also makes learning more fun for the learner, therefore encouraging the participants to learn and get more out of the module. So this module can be very useful especially to the slow learners. They can learn while enjoying and as we all know, kids like colorful things and interactive type of learning rather than mere lecture. Finally, given the right hardware, the E-Module is accessible any since it can be put in a CD or it can be uploaded to the internet.This means the material can be viewed by anyone with a computer, or with anyone who has a connection to the internet. Treatment: The E-Module will be done using google chrome browser because it is an instant flash player. The E-Module will have a home page where the Digestive system is displayed. Links will then be displayed in one of the sides of the screen, probably on the top or the left side. These links will specify the topics that are to be discussed within the lesson.When the learner clicks on a link, he will be navigated to a page where the introduction to the topic is shown. To proceed, the student must click on the arrow next link. At the end of each sub-lesson, a brief summary will be presented. After this, the student will be given the option of continuing with the â€Å"normal† flow of the lesson or go back to the home page to choose a topic that the learner wishes to take or just continue clicking on the next tab until the final lesson is reached.At the games section, there will be games and one of it will serve as quiz. The quiz will be a traditional question and answer type or a game. At the end of the module, credits will be shown. Objectives: After viewing the E-Module, the participants must be able to perform the following: a. State at least four parts of the digestive system and its function. b. Explain in at least two sentences on digestion process. c. Identify at least six correct answers on quiz.